Materials > Yielding-Pillar in DD Planes

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Yielding-Pillar material can be used to describe non-linear response in DD planes in both Map3D Fault-Slip and Map3D Non-Linear.

 

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Material Name - specifies a descriptive name for the material.

 

Material # - specifies the material number.

Material #1 is reserved for the host material.

Other material numbers are used to define alternate material zones such as ore, fault gouge, backfill etc.

 

Material Type - specifies the material type (Mohr-Coulomb, Hoek-Brown, Drucker-Prager, Fault-Gouge, Hyperbolic-Backfill, Quadratic-Backfill, Equilibrated-Gouge, Yielding-Pillar or none).

Mohr-Coulomb - defines the failure envelope as a straight line.

For DD planes the Mohr-Coulomb criterion defines strength in terms of in-plane shear and normal stresses as follows:

 

 

Tension Cutoff, Cohesion and UCS are specified in units of stress (MPa or psi).

Friction angle and dilation angle are specified in degrees.

Cohesion and friction angle define the shear response.

The tension cutoff and UCS define the response in the direction normal to the shear plane. Here UCS permits simulation of yielding pillars.

Peak values of these parameters are used up until failure.

After yielding, the residual values are used to provide a strain softening response. Residual values are ignored in elastic analyzes.

If fluid pressure is specified as part of the Stress State, the effective normal stress (σn-p) is used (here p is the fluid pressure).

 

Young's Modulus and Poisson's Ratio specify Young's (rock mass scale - deformation) Modulus in units of stress (MPa or psi).

In DD planes the shear and normal stresses acting on the surfaces of the element are related to the elastic portion of the shear displacement (ride) and normal displacement (closure) through the shear and normal moduli

 

Shear Modulus = E / [ 2 (1+ν) ]

Normal Modulus = E / [ 3 (1-2ν) ]

 

Peak values of these parameters are used up until failure.

After yielding, the residual values are used.

Residual values are ignored in elastic analyzes.

 

Standard Deviation - specify standard deviation in units of stress (MPa or psi).

This parameter describes the uncertainty you have in the strength parameters.

This parameter is only used for plotting the probability of shear failure Plot > Strength Factors > In-Plane Probability N-distribution.

 

Viscous Modulus (Gn and Gs) - These parameters are used only in non-linear analyzes (3D FF blocks in Map3D Non-Linear and DD planes in Map3D Fault-Slip).

The viscous modulus describes the creep response. where the creep resistance is determined as the creep coefficient C, times the plastic strain rate. Note that the user must select both the creep coefficient C, and the time step size Δt, then specify the quotient of these as the viscous modulus G.

Specify the viscous modulus in units of stress (MPa or psi).

 

Expansion Coefficient and Conductivity are only used in Map3D Thermal-Fluid Flow.

Map3D Thermal-Fluid Flow can be used to simultaneously solve steady state heat/fluid flow coupled to the stress analysis.

 

Elastic only - when checked this material will respond elastically only, i.e. strength parameters will not be used.

This can be used to define zones with different elastic properties and/or initial stress states. This could include for example stiff dykes, soft ore zones, backfill or support elements.

 

Elasto-Plastic - when checked this material will respond elasto-visco-plastically, i.e. the strength parameters will be used as a flow rule.

This can be used to define zones with both different elastic properties and strength parameters.

Note that in Map3D Fault-Slip, only DD elements (i.e. fault gouge) are permitted to respond non-linearly.

In Map3D Non-Linear the 3D rock mass can also yield plastically.

 

Inactive - when checked this material will not be used in the stress analysis and hence will not affect the predicted stresses, strains or displacements.

This can be used to define zones with different strength parameters to be used when generating contours of strength factors.

 

User Defined - allows specification of user defined parameters to be used in contouring.

Different parameters are defined for each material number.

These parameters are used with ID_PLOT_USERDEFINED Plot > Stress > User

This can be used to define zones with different strength parameters to be used when generating contours of strength factors.

 

Dump to File - allows you to dump all material property data to a file for viewing in Notepad or Excel.

 

Copy from material allows you to copy the material properties from one material number to another. All properties including the stress state are copied.

 

Stress State - specifies the initial (far field) stress state for the material.

Most materials are inserted into blocks with the same (far field) stress state.

Materials such as props or backfill are placed at near zero initial stresses.

 

In elastic analysis the shear and normal stresses in the plane of weakness (on a fault, joint set or bedding plane) are normally used with the Mohr-Coulomb strength criterion to estimate the amount of damage due to over-stressing. One can expect that more excess stress in an elastic analysis would in general correlate with increased amounts of plastic strain (slip) in a non-linear analysis. Since these parameters are orientation dependant, this criterion is representative for anisotropic rock mass stability.

 

 

Over-stressing can be presented in several ways including:

 

ID_PLOT_EXCESS_INPLANE Plot > Strength Factors > dTip   In-Plane excess shear stress

 

ID_PLOT_EXCESS_UB Plot > Strength Factors > dTub   Ubiquitous-plane excess shear stress

 

ID_PLOT_FC_D ID_PLOT_FC_D_INV Plot > Strength Factors > SF-ip   Strength/Stress

 

ID_PLOT_FC_E ID_PLOT_FC_E_INV Plot > Strength Factors > SF-ub   Strength/Stress

 

By contrast, in non-linear analysis the stresses can never exceed the strength unless some creep is used (in this latter case, viscous creep can allow stress states above the failure criterion, thus indicating a lack of static equilibrium). Hence for non-linear analysis one normally directly considers the plastic strain or the plastic strain rate predicted by the model as an indicator of damage.

 

In DD planes, the elastic strains are determined from the stresses by

 

τs = τf + Shear Modulus εselastic

σn = σf + Normal Modulus εnelastic

 

where Shear Modulus and Normal Modulus represent respectively the elastic moduli of the gouge material in the shear and normal directions, and τf and σf represent the initial stress state in the shear and normal directions, and

 

εselastic = δselastic / Thickness

εnelastic = δnelastic / Thickness

 

where δselastic and δnelastic represent respectively the elastic component of the shear displacement (ride) and normal displacement (closure) and Thickness represents the DD plane thickness (i.e. fault gouge, seam width, mining width or pillar height). The DD plane thickness is set using

 

ID_BUILD_DDLOOP CAD > Build > DDLoop

 

and can be modified using

 

ID_EDIT_ENTITIES CAD > Edit > Entity Properties

 

In DD elements, if the shear stress goes above the strength, the plastic strain can be determined by limiting the stress

 

τs - τs° - C Δεsplastic /Δt = Cohesion + tan(φ) ( σn - σn° - C Δεnplastic /Δt )

 

where

 

τs° = Shear Modulus εsplastic

σn° = Normal Modulus εnplastic

 

The accumulated plastic strain εplastic, is determined as the sum of the plastic creep increments Δεplastic, for all creep steps.

 

If the normal stress goes below the tension cutoff, the plastic strain can be determined by limiting the stress

 

σn - σn° - C Δεnplastic /Δt = To

 

If the normal stress goes above the UCS, the plastic strain can be determined by limiting the stress

 

σn - σn° - C Δεnplastic /Δt = UCS

 

In the case of shear failure, the plastic normal strain can also have a dilation component

 

εnplastic = tan(dilation angle) εsplastic

 

The total strain is equal to the sum of the elastic and plastic parts.

 

The creep response is simulated using a linear (Bingham) creep model.

 

 

At each creep step the stress state on all yielding elements (elements where the stress exceeds the strength) is calculated as the strength plus the creep resistance

 

Strength + C Δεnplastic /Δt

C = G Δt

 

where the creep resistance is determined as the creep coefficient C, times the plastic strain rate. Note that the user must select both the creep coefficient C, and the time step size Δt, then specify the quotient of these as the viscous modulus G. The creep resistance can be used simply as a technique for damping the non-linear deformations or for real time dependent creep simulation

 

Analysis > Options > Creep

 

The strains, shear displacement (ride) and normal displacement (closure) can be presented in several ways including:

 

ID_PLOT_STRAIN_ELASTIC Plot > Surface > Value > Elastic

 

ID_PLOT_STRAIN_PLASTIC Plot > Surface > Value > Plastic

 

ID_PLOT_STRAIN_TOTAL Plot > Surface > Value > Total

 

ID_PLOT_EPS1 Plot > Strain > E1 - Major principal strain

 

ID_SURFACE_SHEAR_STRAIN Plot > Surface > Es   Shear Strain

 

ID_SURFACE_NORMAL_STRAIN Plot > Surface > En   Normal Strain

 

ID_SURFACE_SHEAR_DISPLACEMENT Plot > Surface > ds   Shear Displacement (Ride)

 

ID_SURFACE_NORMAL_DISPLACEMENT Plot > Surface > dn   Normal Displacement (Closure)

 

Also of interest is the plastic creep increment Δεplastic, the contribution to the shear resistance from the viscous element

 

Δτs   = C Δεsplastic /Δt

 

ID_SURFACE_INCREMENTAL_STRAIN Plot > Surface > dEs   Incremental Shear Strain

 

ID_SURFACE_EXCESS_SHEAR Plot > Surface > dTs   Excess Shear Stress

 

Related Topics:

 

Fault-Gouge in DD planes

 

Backfill-Hyperbolic in DD planes